<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif">Jim -</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif">The "Cliff's Note" version of the answer to your question is a practical definition of a species is a population the members of which breed with each other but not (or "rarely") with those outside of that population. While the concept is clear and simple - nature isn't really like that. But the template for defining what is and not a single species starts from this idea. How to define a "population" is then based on what we know of characteristics - plumage, range, foraging behavior, songs/calls, etc. - that distinguish some birds from other birds.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif">for instance, in much of the U.S., a small brown wren with an upright tail and a certain song is identified as a Winter Wren, but a bird that looks the same (to most of us) that lives here in the far West & sings a different song and breeds with others who sing that same song are defined (by us) to be Pacific Wrens. they just like partners who they identify as "like me."<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif">different groups of buteo hawks vary in their plumages, but with inter-grading, and large overlaps in range, and they have a lot of common characteristics (like voice & foraging habits), and including breeding with each other, so they are all deemed Red-tailed Hawks, but are distinguishable by plumage.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif">ultimately, "species" is a concept invented by people to explain what we see - Nature isn't always so precise - and things change over time as genomes evolve due to many factors.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif">Chris Kessler<br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, Aug 1, 2024 at 9:50 AM Jim Betz via Tweeters <<a href="mailto:tweeters@u.washington.edu">tweeters@u.washington.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Hi,<br>
<br>
I read with interest the changes in classifications for this year <br>
(more?/less?). Among<br>
<br>
them were certain splits - based primarily/substantially upon <br>
differences in songs/calls.<br>
<br>
I have often read about song/vocalization changes that happen over <br>
time/based upon<br>
<br>
locations - where a grouping of a species is known to be "evolving a new <br>
vocalization<br>
<br>
change". And I had to wonder ... ? And also where a given population <br>
is know to<br>
<br>
have a different set of songs/calls than another population of 'the same <br>
species'.<br>
<br>
Similarly, this year as always, there are some changes that combine <br>
what was<br>
<br>
previously recognized as more than one species into just one (Redpolls, <br>
this time).<br>
<br>
<br>
Why aren't vocalizations of relatively less importance than they seem <br>
to be when<br>
<br>
organizations such as the AOS are making decisions about species <br>
classifications.<br>
<br>
Or, more importantly, why isn't DNA more important than anything else <br>
when it<br>
<br>
comes to bird classification?<br>
<br>
<br>
Let me give a non-birding example ... in the arena of Killer whales <br>
there are very<br>
<br>
distinct differences such as whether or not the pod travels long <br>
distances or<br>
<br>
stays in one specific area. Yet, they are all considered to be the same <br>
species.<br>
<br>
Here's another example - when talking about an individual species of <br>
birds<br>
<br>
in a local area and at the same time of year/stage of breeding ... we <br>
recognize<br>
<br>
that there can be huge differences from individual to individual in terms of<br>
<br>
the coloring (both locations and 'intensity') and the calls/songs ... <br>
yet they are,<br>
<br>
for example, both/all Red-tailed Hawks.<br>
<br>
<br>
I'm asking ... why isn't this approach taken for birds?<br>
<br>
- Jim<br>
<br>
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</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><br><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>“Life is not about waiting for the storms to pass … it’s about learning how to dance in the rain.”</div><div>Deborah Tuck<br></div></div></div>