<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body dir="auto">Really appreciate all the in-depth knowledge on earthworms. Now I wonder what other species of birds in North America seek out earth worms. Also, of all the species of earth worms, I wonder which are most common to “lawns.”<br><br><div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div><div dir="ltr"><br><blockquote type="cite">On Jul 21, 2023, at 1:30 PM, Steven Wood <woodsteven@seattleu.edu> wrote:<br><br></blockquote></div><blockquote type="cite"><div dir="ltr">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Windows-1252">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<style>@font-face { font-family: "Cambria Math"; }
@font-face { font-family: Calibri; }
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; }
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink { color: blue; text-decoration: underline; }
.MsoChpDefault { }
@page WordSection1 { size: 8.5in 11in; margin: 1in; }
div.WordSection1 { page: WordSection1; }</style>
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal">While there are plenty of invasive earthworms in North America, primarily in the northeast and areas that have been relatively recently lost their glaciers, about 2/3rds of the earthworms in North America are natives and could have fed
American Robins before transatlantic shipping became common:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white">Earthworms are shifting their ranges northwards into forests between </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_parallel_north" title="45th parallel north"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3366CC;background:white;text-decoration:none">45°</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th_parallel_north" title="69th parallel north"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3366CC;background:white;text-decoration:none">69°
latitude</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"> in North America that have lacked native earthworms since the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period" title="Last glacial period"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3366CC;background:white;text-decoration:none">last
ice age</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Frelich_4-0"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_earthworms_of_North_America#cite_note-Frelich-4"><span style="color:#3366CC;text-decoration:none">[4]</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"> The
worms in question are primary engineers of their environment. They are considered </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3366CC;background:white;text-decoration:none">keystone
species</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"> because, as </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3366CC;background:white;text-decoration:none">detritivores</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white">,
they alter many different variables of their ecosystem.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Frelich_4-1"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_earthworms_of_North_America#cite_note-Frelich-4"><span style="color:#3366CC;text-decoration:none">[4]</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"> Of
the 182 taxa of earthworms found in the United States and Canada, 60 (33%) are introduced species.</span><sup id="cite_ref-Blakemore_5-0"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_earthworms_of_North_America#cite_note-Blakemore-5"><span style="color:#3366CC;text-decoration:none">[5]</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"> “</span>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">From: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_earthworms_of_North_America">
Invasive earthworms of North America - Wikipedia</a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<span>_______________________________________________</span><br><span>Tweeters mailing list</span><br><span>Tweeters@u.washington.edu</span><br><span>http://mailman11.u.washington.edu/mailman/listinfo/tweeters</span><br></div></blockquote></body></html>